Jupiter Icy moons Explorer – JUICE

[pkl]

Может, всё-таки, по тем девайсам, что сейчас НПОЛ ваяет?

[Georgij]

ну как, есть уточнение о графике полёта JUICE? будут ли гравманёры и сколько таки пролётов будет до выхода на орбиту Ганимеда?

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ну как, есть уточнение о графике полёта JUICE? будут ли гравманёры и сколько таки пролётов будет до выхода на орбиту Ганимеда?

Дык вроде за последние месяц-два ничего не поменялось. Любой пролет около крупного спутника можно считать грав. маневром, так что планируется их много

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NASA Plans Contribution to European Jupiter Mission

WASHINGTON — NASA plans to make a $100 million science contribution to the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) program, a large-scale science mission planned by the European Space Agency (ESA) that will launch in 2022 to observe the gas giant and its moons.

U.S. science teams may propose studies as either principal investigators supplying instruments or instrument components, or as co-investigators on European science teams that provide their own instruments, said Jim Green, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division. NASA intends to formally solicit proposals June 28, and intends to spend $100 million over the lifetime of the program.NASA announced its intention to participate in Juice June 15 in a presolicitation notice posted online. The U.S. space agency was expected to make some kind of contribution to the project, which was officially selected as ESA's next large-scale science mission May 2. ESA has capped its financial contribution to Juice at 870 million euros ($1 billion).

Teams must notify NASA of their intent to submit a proposal by Aug. 2. Finished proposals are due Sept. 20, according to NASA's June 15 notice.

NASA will award funding "some time in fiscal year 2013," Green said. "Late in 2013 we'll have funding available to start the contracts and start the process."

ESA is seeking a Proton rocket from Russia to send the Juice mission on its way to the jovian system, where it would arrive in 2030. Juice's primary mission would last three years, much of which will be spent observing Jupiter's largest moon, Ganymede.

"It has fly-bys of Callisto and Europa, but it's really a mission to Ganymede," Green said.

http://www.spacenews.com/civil/120615-nasa-contribution-juice.html

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Forthcoming Announcement of Opportunity for Scientific Instrumentation onboard the JUICE spacecraft

30 May 2012

The European Space Agency (ESA) intends to release in June 2012 an Announcement of Opportunity (AO) inviting the broad scientific community to propose instruments to be flown onboard the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft.

5 June 2012 - Documentation now available
A set of reference documents has been added online. The documents can be downloaded in a single zip file (23 MB) from the right-hand menu, under "documentation".

The purpose of this pre-announcement is to inform the community of the impending AO and to provide some preliminary information. A provisional schedule is also provided.

Overview of the opportunity

JUICE has been selected by ESA's SPC in May 2012 as the "L1" mission in the Cosmic Vision plan, with a foreseen launch date of 2022.

The JUICE spacecraft is designed to visit the Jupiter system concentrating on the characterization of Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats and on the exploration of the Jupiter system, considered as an archetype for gas giants in the solar system and elsewhere. The focus of the JUICE spacecraft is to characterize the conditions that may have led to the emergence of habitable environments among the Jovian icy satellites, with special emphasis on the three ocean-bearing worlds, Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto. The mission will also focus on characterizing the diversity of processes in the Jupiter system which may be required in order to provide a stable environment at Ganymede, Europa and Callisto on geologic time scales, including gravitational coupling between the Galilean satellites and their long term tidal influence on the system as a whole.

The JUICE spacecraft constitutes the European element of a coordinated program to Jupiter and its icy moons, which also foresees a Russian Ganymede lander, to be operated by Russia in coordination with JUICE. The joint program would allow a complete characterization of Ganymede, above and beyond what could be achieved with either element alone.

The JUICE spacecraft is planned for launch in 2022 and is foreseen to perform a 7.5 yr cruise toward Jupiter based on Earth-Venus-Earth-Earth gravitational assists. The Jupiter orbit insertion will be performed in January 2030, and will be followed by a tour of the Jupiter system, comprising a transfer to Callisto, a phase studying Europa and Callisto with flybys, and a "Jupiter high-latitude phase" that includes raising orbit inclination by Callisto flybys and the transfer to Ganymede. In September 2032 the spacecraft will be inserted into orbit around Ganymede, starting with elliptical and high altitude circular orbits, followed by a phase in a medium altitude circular orbit, and by a final phase in low altitude circular orbit. The end of the nominal mission is foreseen in June 2033.

A full description of the scientific objectives, model payload and mission profile for the JUICE spacecraft can be found in the JUICE Assessment Study Report (Yellow Book), that contains the results of ESA's Assessment Study (Phase 0/A). For this document and other information on the mission see: http://sci.esa.int/juice . Some technical reference documents that will be part of the AO package are already available on this website.

The mission's management and responsibilities are organised along an approach similar to other ESA planetary missions, with the Agency providing the S/C, launch and mission operations, and nationally-funded consortia providing the payload suite. Science operations will be a shared responsibility, with an ESA Science Operation Centre complemented by nationally-funded Principal Investigator teams.

The AO for the provision of the instrumentation onboard the JUICE spacecraft will be open to European and non-European scientists, and to other scientific communities with which reciprocity or specific agreements exist or will be set (such as USA, Russia, Japan). An agreement has already been established with NASA as a minor payload contributor. An agreement with Russia concerning payload provision for JUICE spacecraft and the Russian Ganymede lander is being negotiated.

Provisional schedule
 
The following schedule describes the anticipated major milestones of the AO for provision of scientific payload onboard the JUICE spacecraft. These dates can be subject to modifications.
Date    Event
28 June 2012    Release of AO for scientific instruments onboard the JUICE spacecraft
13 July 2012    Deadline for submission of Letter of Intent
19 July 2012 (TBC)    Briefing meeting
1 October 2012    Proposals due
October - November, 2012    Proposal evaluation
January, 2013    SSEWG and SSAC recommendations
February, 2013    SPC selection

The AO is in currently being prepared. By issuing this announcement to prospective investigators at this time (prior to release), the Agency is under no obligation to issue the AO and solicit proposals. Any costs incurred by prospective investigators in preparing submissions in response to this announcement are at the submitter's own risk. This AO anticipated here may contain provisions that differ from this notice, in which case those in the AO will take precedence.

Documentation

A set of draft documents may be provided in advance of the AO release (they will be accessible from the "documentation" section in the right-hand menu).
Contacts

Questions or comments about this announcement regarding the AO for provision of scientific payload onboard the JUICE spacecraft may be addressed to

L. Colangeli
ESA/ESTEC (SRE-SM)
P.O. Box 299
2200 AG Noordwijk
The Netherlands
Email: Luigi.Colangeli@esa.int

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50400

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/doc.cfm?fobjectid=50404

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4-8 March 2013

Ganymede Lander: Scientific Goals and Experiments, Moscow, Russia

A study of Jupiter system is an important part of international efforts to understand the origin of Galilean satellites and more generally the origin of the Solar System. Few years ago Russian Academy of Sciences and Roscosmos proposed to include a Lander for investigation of one of the moons of Jupiter, namely Europa or possibly Ganymede, as an additional element of EJSM/Laplace international mission to Jupiter system. This is considered as a very important component of Roscosmos's long-term strategic plan for reinforced cooperation with ESA and NASA. Ganymede – the third of Galilean satellites is becoming now the final destination point of the European JUICE mission. Its concept results from the reformulation of the EJSM/Laplace mission into a European-led mission. On the other hand Russia is working now on a lander concept for Ganymede. Russian GL (Ganymede Lander) will be a partner mission for JUICE. The main scientific object of GL will be a search of possible present and past signatures of life and 'in situ' studies of the environment from the surface by remote and contact methods. In addition to coordination of scientific tasks, certain number of practical problems (e.g. navigation, data transfer, types of surface topography information for landing etc.) are planned to be discussed during these Colloquia. Russian GL mission is presently aimed for launch in 2023-2024, though this schedule might be revised in the future and aligned with JUICE. Science payload of the mission is being considered, and international participation is welcomed.

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/

[Salo]

http://www.spacenews.com/civil/exomarss-prospects-improve-with-italian-pledge.html

By that time, the Russian space agency, Roscosmos, is expected to have signed an agreement providing a Proton launch of ESA's Juice mission to Jupiter's moons in 2022. ESA hopes to funnel much of the savings to ExoMars.[/size]

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Можно сразу в Охумору :cry:  :cry:

Вода в "полыньях" на спутнике Юпитера быстро замерзает, заявили ученые

МОСКВА, 25 сен - РИА Новости. Области с относительно тонким ледовым щитом на Европе, спутнике Юпитера, оказались достаточно редким и кратковременным явлением - они исчезают примерно за десятки тысяч лет после их появления, заявили планетологи на Европейском планетологическом конгрессе EPSC в Мадриде во вторник.

"Жидкий океан на Европе, скорее всего, существует, но он находится на относительно большой глубине, где-то 25-50 километров от поверхности планеты. Возможно, что на Европе существуют участки, где вода достаточно близко походит к поверхности - толщина льда составит около пяти километров. Правда, они существуют лишь десятки тысяч лет до начала (замерзания) и миграции воды "вниз", - пояснила руководитель группы ученых Клара Калусова (Klara Kalousova) из Карлова университета в Праге (Чехия).

Калусова и ее коллеги изучали процессы, которые происходят на Европе и других планетах, где существует океан из воды или других жидкостей под толстым слоем льда.

Для этого ученые построили математическую модель, которая описывала взаимодействие жидкой воды и льда на границе между ледовым щитом и океаном. Авторы статьи использовали ее для изучения процессов, которые протекают на планете, аналогичной по своим свойствам Европе, и проверили, возможно ли формирование "полыней" в ее ледовом щите.

Оказалось, что такие структуры могут появляться внутри льдов Европы, однако их существование будет крайне недолгим. По расчетам Калусовой и ее коллег, полынья просуществует около 50-100 тысяч лет до того, как она зарастет льдом.

Как объясняют планетологи, участки с тонким ледовым щитом состоят из двух компонентов - небольшого озера с жидкой водой у поверхности ледового щита и толстого слоя частично растаявшего льда между океаном и озером. Благодаря разной плотности и вязкости льда и воды, последняя будет постепенно просачиваться через подтаявший лед обратно в океан. Освободившееся пространство будет зарастать льдом, в результате чего полынья полностью исчезнет через несколько десятков тысяч лет.

Это открытие может осложнить миссию европейского аппарата JUICE, одной из задач которого станет изучение воды в таких "полыньях". Руководителям миссии придется тщательнее выбирать место посадки зонда, чтобы избежать приземления на уже закрывшуюся полынью, следы существования которой не исчезнут с поверхности планеты после восстановления ледового покрова.

http://ria.ru/science/20120925/758616816.html

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http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ESA_chooses_instruments_for_its_Jupiter_icy_moons_explorer

21 February 2013  The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer mission, JUICE, will carry a total of 11 scientific experiments to study the gas giant planet and its large ocean-bearing moons, ESA announced today.
 JUICE is the first Large-class mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 programme. Planned for launch in 2022 and arrival at Jupiter in 2030, it will spend at least three years making detailed observations of the biggest planet in the Solar System and three of its largest moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa.
 These moons are thought to harbour vast water oceans beneath their icy surfaces and JUICE will map their surfaces, sound their interiors and assess their potential for hosting life in their oceans.
 Today, ESA's Science Programme Committee approved a complement of instruments that includes cameras and spectrometers, a laser altimeter and an ice-penetrating radar. The mission will also carry a magnetometer, plasma and particle monitors, and radio science hardware.
 The instruments will be developed by scientific teams fr om 15 European countries, the US and Japan, through corresponding national funding.



 "The selection of JUICE's instruments is a key milestone in ESA's flagship mission to the outer Solar System, which represents an unprecedented opportunity to showcase leading European technological and scientific expertise," says Alvaro Giménez Cañete, ESA's Director of Science and Robotic Exploration.
 "The suite of instruments addresses all of the mission's science goals, from in-situ measurements of Jupiter's vast magnetic field and plasma environment, to remote observations of the surfaces and interiors of the three icy moons," adds Luigi Colangeli, coordinator of ESA's Solar System Missions.
 Throughout its mission, JUICE will observe Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetosphere, and the interaction of all four Galilean satellites – the three icy moons plus Io – with the gas giant planet.
 The spacecraft will perform a dozen flybys of Callisto, the most heavily cratered object in the Solar System, and will fly past Europa twice in order to make the first measurements of the thickness of its icy crust.
 JUICE will end up in orbit around Ganymede, wh ere it will study the moon's icy surface and internal structure, including its subsurface ocean.
 The largest moon in the Solar System, Ganymede is the only one known to generate its own magnetic field, and JUICE will observe the unique magnetic and plasma interactions with Jupiter's magnetosphere in detail.
 "Jupiter and its icy moons constitute a kind of mini-Solar System in their own right, offering European scientists and our international partners the chance to learn more about the formation of potentially habitable worlds around other stars," says Dmitrij Titov, ESA's JUICE Study Scientist.
 The selection of the instruments today helps to ensure that JUICE remains on schedule for launch in 2022.

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ЕКА выбрало "снаряжение" зонда, который в 2022 г отправится к Юпитеру

МОСКВА, 21 фев — РИА Новости. Европейское космическое агентство (ЕКА) утвердило список из 11 научных приборов и инструментов нового зонда JUICE, который будет исследовать Юпитер и его спутники, говорится в сообщении агентства.
Миссия JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) стоимостью около 1 миллиарда евро была официально одобрена в мае 2012 года. Она предполагает запуск орбитального зонда для изучения самой большой планеты Солнечной системы и трех ее крупнейших спутников — Ганимеда, Каллисто и Европы. Планируется, что европейский аппарат стартует в 2022 году и достигнет Юпитера в 2030 году.
Инструменты зонда предоставят научные группы из 15 европейских государств, США и Японии. В их числе, в частности, несколько спектрометров и камер, магнетометр, лазерный высотомер и радар для изучения ледового покрова спутников. Планируется, что JUICE соберет данные об атмосфере и магнитосфере Юпитера, выполнит несколько сближений с Каллисто и дважды пройдет мимо Европы, чтобы впервые в истории измерить толщину ее ледовой коры. Затем аппарат выйдет на орбиту вокруг Ганимеда — крупнейшего спутника в Солнечной системе, у которого есть собственное магнитное поле.
Научный руководитель проекта в ЕКА Дмитрий Титов сообщил РИА Новости, что в создании научных приборов российского участия нет, однако выразил надежду на то, что российские ученые будут вовлечены в обработку данных и планирование миссии.
"Пока ведутся разговоры, что Россия будет делать модуль для посадки на Ганимед, но это пока разговоры в научной среде, пока никаких конкретных планов агентств на эту тему нет. Пока европейское агентство идет своим путем... Россия и Европа рассматривают эти миссии как взаимодополняющие компоненты с точки зрения науки", — сказал Титов.

http://ria.ru/science/20130221/924079483.html

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Notes for Editors

Eleven instrument suites will be developed by scientific teams from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US and Japan, through corresponding national funding.

List of selected experiments:
JANUS:         Jovis, Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator, camera system
MAJIS:         Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer
UVS:         UV Imaging Spectrograph
SWI:         Sub-millimetre Wave Instrument
GALA:         Ganymede Laser Altimeter
RIME:         Radar for Icy Moons Exploration
J-MAG:         Magnetometer for JUICE
PEP:         Particle Environment Package
RPWI:         Radio & Plasma Wave Investigation
3GM:         Gravity & Geophysics of Jupiter and Galilean Moons
PRIDE:         Planetary Radio Interferometer & Doppler Experiment
(note this does not include spacecraft hardware but will exploit VLBI – Very Large Base Interferometry – to conduct radio science)

http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=51417

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NASA and JPL Contribute to European Jupiter Mission

February 21, 2013
 NASA has sel ected key contributions to a 2022 European Space Agency (ESA) mission that will study Jupiter and three of its largest moons in unprecedented detail. The moons are thought to harbor vast water oceans beneath their icy surfaces.

 NASA's contribution will consist of one U.S.-led science instrument and hardware for two European instruments to fly on ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission. Jeffrey Plaut of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., will be the U.S. lead for the Radar for Icy Moon Exploration experiment. The radar experiment's principal investigator is Lorenzo Bruzzone of Universita degli Studi di Trento in Italy.

 Under the lead of Bruzzone and the Italian Space Agency, JPL will provide the transmitter and receiver hardware for a radar sounder designed to penetrate the icy crust of Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto to a depth of about 5 miles (9 kilometers). This will allow scientists to see for the first time the underground structure of these tectonically complex and unique icy worlds.

 JUICE will carry 11 experiments developed by scientific teams from 15 European countries, the United States and Japan.

 The spacecraft will orbit Jupiter for three years and travel past Callisto and Europa multiple times, then orbit Ganymede, a moon larger than the planet Mercury. JUICE will conduct the first thorough exploration of Jupiter since NASA's Galileo mission fr om 1989-2003.

 By studying the Jupiter system, JUICE will look to learn more about the formation and evolution of potentially habitable worlds in our solar system and beyond.

 "NASA is thrilled to collaborate with ESA on this exciting mission to explore Jupiter and its icy moons," said John Grunsfeld, NASA's associate administrator for science in Washington. "Working together with ESA and our other international partners is key to enabling future scientific progress in our quest to understand the cosmos."

 The solar-powered spacecraft will carry cameras and spectrometers, a laser altimeter and an ice-penetrating radar instrument. The mission also will carry a magnetometer, plasma and particle monitors, and radio science hardware. The spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at the Jupiter system in 2030.

 "The selection of JUICE's instruments is a key milestone in ESA's flagship mission to the outer solar system, which represents an unprecedented opportunity to showcase leading European technological and scientific expertise," said Alvaro Gimenez Canete, ESA's director of science and robotic exploration.

 NASA invited researchers in 2012 to submit proposals for NASA-provided instruments for the mission. Nine were reviewed, with one selected to fly. NASA agreed to provide critical hardware for two of the 10 selected European-led instruments. NASA's total contribution to the JUICE mission is $100 million for design, development and operation of the instruments through 2033.

 In addition to the radar team and instrument, the NASA contributions are:

 -- Ultraviolet Spectrometer: The principal investigator is Randy Gladstone of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. This spectrometer will acquire images to explore the surfaces and atmospheres of Jupiter's icy moons and how they interact with the Jupiter environment. The instrument also will determine how Jupiter's upper atmosphere interacts with its lower atmosphere below, and the ionosphere and magnetosphere above. The instrument will provide images of the aurora on Jupiter and Ganymede.

 -- Particle Environment Package: The principal investigator is Stas Barabash of the Swedish Institute of Space Physics. The U.S. lead is Pontus Brandt of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md. Under the lead of Barabash and the Swedish National Space Board, APL will provide instruments to this suite to measure the neutral material and plasma that are accelerated and heated to extreme levels in Jupiter's fierce and complex magnetic environment.

 NASA's Science Mission Directorate conducts a wide variety of research and scientific exploration programs for Earth studies, space weather, the solar system and the universe. The New Frontiers Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., will manage the NASA contributions. JUICE is the first large-class mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Program.

 For more information on NASA planetary programs, visit: http://www.nasa.gov .

 For more information about the JUICE mission, visit: http://sci.esa.int/juice .

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-069

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аааааааааааа! спамеры!  

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Россия в 2023 году намерена отправить два зонда к Ганимеду
 
http://ria.ru/science/20130305/925896371.html
 
 
Финансирование миссии по исследованию Ганимеда начнется в 2014 г
 
http://ria.ru/science/20130305/925904697.html
 
http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/forum/messages/forum11/topic7446/message1042002/#message1042002

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APL Particle Camera and Spectrometer Sel ected to Reveal
 the Jupiter System in a New Light



NASA has sel ected The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md., to build an innovative particle camera and instrument for flight aboard the JUpiter ICy moon Explorer (JUICE), a European Space Agency mission to be launched in 2022 to study the Jupiter system and three of its largest moons in unprecedented detail. APL is one of 15 scientific teams from Europe, Japan and the United States selected to develop the 11 experiments that will be conducted as part of the mission.

Under the direction of Pontus Brandt, the APL instruments — the Jupiter Energetic Neutrals and Ions (JENI) and the Jovian Energetic Electrons (JoEE) — will be flown as a part of the mission's largest investigation, the Particle Environment Package (PEP). JENI advances a technique that APL has also used at Saturn and Earth, to image the otherwise invisible vast cloud of plasma and gas that surrounds Jupiter. The JoEE spectrometer will be used to understand the processes that make Jupiter the biggest particle accelerator in the solar system.

"Jupiter is a mini solar system once formed fr om a plasma and gas nebula by processes similar to those forming our own solar system," explains Brandt. "If Jupiter's 'nebula' were visible it would be the largest object in the night sky, much larger than the full moon. JENI's unique images will provide movies of this huge, dynamic system like we've never seen before. JoEE's superior measurement capabilities will be critical in resolving the mystery of how Jupiter's surrounding plasma is heated to temperatures that make the solar corona appear lukewarm in comparison. Surprises are guaranteed."

The spacecraft is scheduled to reach the Jupiter system in 2030 and conduct the first thorough exploration of that satellite system since NASA's Galileo mission, which ran fr om 1989 to 2003. It follows the more focused study of aspects of Jupiter by NASA's Juno mission, which will be operating at Jupiter in the 2016–2017 time frame. JUICE will orbit the planet for three years and travel past its moons, Callisto and Europa, multiple times, before orbiting Ganymede, a moon larger than Mercury.

Before JUICE arrives at Jupiter, JENI will collect images of the gas torus — or ring — that surrounds the planet, courtesy of Europa and the volcanically active moon Io. "It is a mystery how such a seemingly inert icy moon like Europa can produce such an enormous gas torus," says APL's Chris Paranicas, the deputy lead of JENI and JoEE. "JENI's global images of how that gas is distributed and evolves in relation to Europa will remove a bottleneck in our understanding of its atmospheric release mechanisms."

Twelve countries will work together to develop the six sophisticated instruments for the comprehensive PEP suite under the lead of Stas Barabash of the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Kiruna. In addition to the JENI and JoEE investigations, PEP will investigate the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's stellar-like plasma disk; map how the intense plasma flow bombards the surfaces of the moons; and, for the first time, sample the moons' tenuous atmospheres to understand how materials on and just below the surface are released.

"The Jovian system should really be viewed as our own solar system's astrophysical object," notes Barabash. "Its sheer size required us to take a novel approach by combining high-resolution in-situ measurements, neutral gas mass spectroscopy and powerful global imaging."

"The selection of JENI and JoEE is an exciting prospect for uncovering many mysteries of the enormous Jovian system, in particular by obtaining images similar to those provided by APL's Ion and Neutral Camera of the MIMI investigation on the Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn," says APL's Stamatios (Tom) Krimigis, who leads APL-designed particle experiments on Cassini as well as the Voyager mission. "We couldn't do this at Jupiter with the Voyagers in the late '70s or with Galileo in the early '90s because we did not have the technology. It is gratifying to see a younger generation of scientists advancing the state of the art."

For a simulated movie of what JENI may unravel at Jupiter, visit: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/JUICE . For more information about the JUICE mission, go online to http://sci.esa.int/juice .

http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2013/130308.asp

[Salo]

Lin пишет:
 

Дни Ганимеда в ИКИ.
Приборы JUICE, Europa Clipper от NASA и нелегкая судьба отечественного проекта посадки теперь уже на Ганимед.
Растаскивайте по темам:
 http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/linlin82/album/319993/
 

[Shwed]

Они  экзомарсовский лэндер лучше хотя б нарисовали.

[pkl]

Вот что меня реально напрягает в этой схеме, так это крепление антенны? "Бошка" при посадке не отвалится?  

Хотя идея, безусловно, привлекательная. И после реализации лунных программ вполне реалистичная.

[Anatoly Zak]

pkl пишет:
Вот что меня реально напрягает в этой схеме, так это крепление антенны? "Бошка" при посадке не отвалится?

...и насколько ограниченным будет наведение антенны при таком расположении? 

[instml]

"Веселые картинки"