Новости МКС

Автор ДмитрийК, 22.12.2005 10:58:03

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ken_park

#13860
Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
https://www.roscosmos.ru/23922/
ЦитироватьЦУП. ПРОГРАММА РАБОТ В ОТКРЫТОМ КОСМОСЕ ЗАВЕРШЕНА
 18.08.2017 01:15

Космонавты РОСКОСМОСА Фёдор ЮРЧИХИН и Сергей РЯЗАНСКИЙ завершили первый в 2017 году выход за пределы Международной космической станции (МКС) по российской программе. Космонавты выполнили поставленные перед ними задачи.

Выходной люк был закрыт вернувшимися на орбитальную станцию космонавтами 18 августа в 01:11 мск. Продолжительность пребывания Фёдора ЮРЧИХИНА и Сергея РЯЗАНСКОГО в условиях открытого космоса составила 07 часов 34 минуты.

За время своей работы космонавты смонтировали на внешней поверхности станции научное оборудование по экспериментам «Реставрация» и «Импакт», отобрали в четырёх рабочих зонах пробы на микробные загрязнения, установили новые образцы материалов для длительного экспонирования в открытом космосе, запустили с руки и с помощью пускового устройства пять наноспутников, провели фотосъёмку внешней поверхности российских модулей и их отдельных конструктивных элементов. Для обеспечения перемещения по поверхности станции космонавты устанавливали мягкие поручни и подкосы. Не установлен поручень - переход от модуля «Поиск» (МИМ-2) к модулю «Заря» (ФГБ).

Самочувствие космонавтов Фёдора ЮРЧИХИНА и Сергея РЯЗАНСКОГО после возвращения на станцию хорошее. Экипаж 52-й международной экспедиции продолжает выполнение программы полёта.
"Реставрацию" ДЕмонтировали, а не Смонтировали
ЦУП, Роскосмос, кто вы?

ОАЯ

#13861
 ·система   цветопередачи   -   PAL;
Из http://www.niitv.ru/article/633200008/458200036/Cvetnaya-reportazhnaya-TV-kamera-dlya-raboty-v-otkrytom-kosmose-i-vnutri-vakuumnyh-ustanovok
Интересно, начинка отечественная - микропроцессор, матрица, потроха или "лучше китайцев все равно не сделать" (Ded)?

tnt22

ЦитироватьISS Expedition 52 Russian Spacewalk #43 Yurchikhin and Ryazanskiy;

Space Videos
(6:04:49)

tnt22

ЦитироватьSpace to Ground: Moon Shadow: 08/18/17

NASA Johnson
(2:58 )

tnt22

Цитировать Сергей Рязанский‏Подлинная учетная запись @SergeyISS 1 ч. назад

Первые снимки со вчерашнего выхода в открытый космос (ВКД-43). Фото: @Astro2fish // Russian Spacewalk EVA-43. Photo by @Astro2fish
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tnt22

https://blogs.nasa.gov/stationreport/2017/08/17/iss-daily-summary-report-8172017/
ЦитироватьISS Daily Summary Report – 8/17/2017
Posted on August 17, 2017 at 4:00 pm by HQ.

Russian Extravehicular Activity (EVA) #43:
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Yurchikhin and Ryazanskiy performed a seven hour 30 minute EVA. Completed activities include manual deployment of 5 nanosatellites, collection of research samples and structural maintenance. During EVA ingress timeframe, Whitson and Fischer were isolated in 50 Soyuz. Bresnik and Nespoli had access to the FGB and USOS modules.
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Multi-Omics-Mouse:
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The crew transferred mice for the Multi-Omics-Mouse investigation from the Animal Transfer Transportation Cage Unit that arrived on SpX-12 to Mouse Habitat Cage Units in the Glove Box. The Cage Units were then installed in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) to start the experiment. The crew also transferred data from the Compact Flash Memory Card to a Station Support Computer (SSC). Several studies have reported space flight effects on the human immune system, but the relationship between microbiota and immune dysfunction during flight remains unclear. In the Multi-Omics-Mouse investigation, food with and without fructooligosaccharides (FOS) will be used as prebiotics, to determine if they improve the gut environment and immune function. After the flight, researchers will analyze the gut environment (microbiota and metabolites) and immune system of the mice by multi-omics analysis.
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Kubik:
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The Crew installed Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Biomission Experiment Containers into the Kubik 5 facility in the Columbus module. They also removed one of those containers and ins erted it into a Minus Eighty Degree Celsius Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) to preserve the scientific samples. Kubik 5 is supporting Biomission investigations by providing a small controlled-temperature incubator / cooler for the study of biological samples in a microgravity environment. Kubik is equipped with removable inserts designed for self-contained, automatic experiments using seeds, cells, and small animals.
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NanoRacks Module 9:
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The crew activated mixture tubes for NanoRacks Module 9 in support of the NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Casper (NanoRacks-NCESSE-Casper) investigation. NCESSE supports various schools and student-designed experiments that address challenges of living and working in space. The program is also a key initiative for U.S. science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) that strives to educate and inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers to work on the space program.
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Miniature Exercise Device (MED-2):
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A crewmember se t up cameras to capture the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) work volume, placed markers on their body, powered on MED-2 and performed dead lifts and rowing. The microgravity environment of space weakens muscle and bone, so orbiting crew members spend significant amounts of time exercising with equipment that is large and bulky. MED-2 aims to demonstrate small robotic actuators can provide motion and resistance for crew workout sessions during long-duration space missions with exercise equipment that is smaller in size and mass.
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Space Tango MultiLab Locker (TangoLab-1):
Спойлер
The crew removed one investigation from a Card in the TangoLab-1 facility and attached two new ones to it. TangoLab-1 is a reconfigurable general research facility designed for microgravity research and development and pilot manufacturing aboard the ISS. TangoLab provides a standardized platform and open architecture for experimental modules called CubeLabs. CubeLab modules may be developed for use in 3-dimensional tissue and cell cultures.
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Space Tango TangoLab-2 Locker (TangoLab-2):
Спойлер
The crew installed the TangoLab-2 facility into Express Rack (ER) 6 but ground controllers were unable to establish communication with the facility. Ground experts are investigating the anomaly.
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NanoRacks Platform-1:
Спойлер
The crew installed Modules 67 (NanoRacks-NDC-Ames for Space-Bacteria Testing) and 72a (Quberider-1) into Nanoracks Platform-1. Module-67 determines whether bacteria mutate at a different rate in the microgravity environment of space. The experiments extend previous work on virulence in space by exposing different batches of bacteria to toxins known to cause mutations. Automated equipment tests and photographs batches of bacteria contained within different concentrations of toxins so that the observed mutation rates can be compared with those observed from control groups on Earth. Module-72a has a Raspberry Pi Zero board and several sensors. This is an educational payload that allows students to code their own software experiments and have them collect data on the ISS.
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Fine Motor Skills (FMS):
Спойлер
A crewmember completed a series of interactive tasks for this investigation which studies how fine motor skills are effected by long-term microgravity exposure, different phases of microgravity adaptation, and sensorimotor recovery after returning to Earth gravity. The goal of the investigation is to determine how fine motor performance in microgravity varies over the duration of six-month and year-long space missions; how fine motor performance on orbit compares with that of a closely matched participant on Earth; and how performance varies before and after gravitational transitions, including periods of early flight adaptation and very early/near immediate post-flight periods.
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Node 1 Port Hatch Unlatch Position:
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During Hatch Seal Inspections the crew was asked to recheck several of the USOS hatches for proper latch indicators. The crew confirmed that the Node 1 Port Hatch indicator was not in the "unlatched" position as expected. The crew cycled the hatch mechanism and confirmed it was physically in the "unlatched" position while the position indicator was off. Engineering is assessing the latch indicator to determine if the hardware will need to be replaced.
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tnt22


tnt22

http://spaceflight101.com/iss/russian-eva-43-successfully-completed-outside-iss/
ЦитироватьRussian Spacewalkers Collect Overtime in Busy EVA for Satellite Release, Sampling & External Outfitting
August 17, 2017

Two veteran Russian spacewalkers ventured outside the International Space Station for over seven hours on Thursday to complete a variety of external work on the Station's Russian Segment.

Working overtime, Expedition 52 Commander Fyodor Yurchikhin and Flight Engineer Sergey Ryazansky spent seven hours and 34 minutes outside the Station to t est an upgraded version of Russia's Orlan space suit, release five small satellites, install a science package studying the effect of thruster exhaust on different materials and collect surface samples fr om various locations.
Спойлер

Photo: NASA TV

Thursday's EVA ran over an hour longer than planned as the two Cosmonauts battled with a stubborn strut and two hand rails that would not easily fit in their desired positions, requiring extra time and effort to get at least two of the three installed properly and checking off all but one EVA objective.

Thursday's spacewalk marked the 43rd Russian Stage EVA conducted on ISS and the 202nd overall spacewalk dedicated to ISS Assembly and Maintenance that now stands at an aggregate of 1,258 hours of spacewalking time. It was the seventh spacewalk of the year, following up on six EVAs conducted on the U.S. Segment of ISS that finalized the replacement of a dozen batteries on the Station's truss, outfitted Pressurized Mating Adapter-3 after its relocation, replaced a payload controller and dealt with a failed external computer box.


Spacewalkers Yurchikhin & Ryazansky during an EVA Rehearsal inside the Airlock – Photo: Roscosmos

Unlike the USOS EVAs conducted this year, Thursday's Russian excursion was not geared toward external maintenance and instead focused on utilization tasks and science, featuring three principal work sites on the Russian Segment – taking the crew members, armed with GoPro cameras, to the back end of ISS to deploy an experiment unit on the Zvezda Service Module before working on the Poisk and Pirs modules to obtain surface samples, install exposure units and put in place handrails to help future spacewalkers.

Thursday's EVA was handled by two very experienced spacewalkers. Fyodor Yurchikhin, currently on his fourth long-duration mission to ISS, completed his ninth career EVA, now with a total of 59 hours and 28 minutes – ranking fourth on the all-time record list for cumulative EVA time. It was Sergey Ryazansky's fourth career EVA, now with a total EVA time of 27 hours and 39 minutes. Known as EVA-43 in the numbering system of Russian Stage EVAs, Thursday's excursion was the first Russian spacewalk in over 18 months, following up on a February 2016 EVA by Yuri Malenchenko and Sergei Volkov.


Dry-Run of Satellite Deployments – Photo: Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center

The start of EVA-43 was marked at 14:36 UTC when Sergey Ryazansky, wearing the Orlan-MK No. 6 space suit, opened the hatch of the Pirs module following several hours of EVA preparations that took the crew through suit-up operations, suit systems checks and eventually the depressurization of Pirs for in-suit pre-breathe and leak checks that ultimately cleared the way for an on-time start of the spacewalk.

Fyodor Yurchikhin was wearing Orlan-MKS No.4 – the first of the upgraded Orlan MKS space suits to reach ISS, delivered earlier this year by the Progress MS-05 cargo vehicle after the first MKS suit was lost in the Progress MS-04 launch failure.

Orlan-MKS offers a number of enhancements geared to providing greater safety and comfort to spacewalking crew members. The suit inaugurates an automated thermal control system and suit management computer that takes over suit management and thermal adjustment tasks that were previously done manually by the Cosmonaut.


Fyodor Yurchikhin in his Orlan-MKS during Thursday's EVA – Photo: NASA TV

The pressurization layer of Orlan-MKS uses a new material that is more durable and has an internal capability of withstanding failures, allowing a backup protection layer to be removed to make the suit more flexible and reducing its mass to 110 Kilograms. Orlan-MKS also uses Lithium Hydroxide for carbon dioxide scrubbing and is easier to maintain, reducing the time needed in preparing for a spacewalk. User interfaces are improved via a larger color display to output suit parameters and allow the spacewalker to manually adjust the temperature based on their comfort levels.

Orlan-MKS started development around 2012 and went through extensive testing on the ground before the first units were ready for transfer to ISS to undergo initial in-space verification. The suits are built for a service life of at least six years and can be used for up to 20 spacewalks without major refurbishment. Fyodor Yurchikhin was asked throughout the EVA how the thermal control system was behaving and had no complaints at all regarding the suit's performance aside from a minor telemetry problem that prevented Mission Control from seeing fan speeds.


Restavratsiya Application (2016) – Photo: NASA TV

Embarking on EVA-43, Sergey Ryazansky was first to depart the Pirs airlock to set up shop on the EVA ladder for the first hour of the spacewalk, dedicated to deploying five Cube and Nano Satellites. The first item on the EVA checklist was the removal of the Restavratsiya experiment that was performed on EVA-42 and left outside in the space environment for 18 months.

Restavratsiya consists of a tray holding several rigid plates which were used to test out a device for applying an adhesive thermal protection foil that could be used on future external repairs, provided the tape can weather the space environment over an extended period of time which will be confirmed by returning the experiment package to Earth for examination.


TOMSK-TPU before Deployment – Photo: NASA TV

With Restavratsiya safely tucked away inside Pirs, the spacewalkers took their position for the satellite deployment – Ryazansky placed next to the EVA ladder and Yurchikhin halfway out the airlock. Unlike the robotic satellite deployment infrastructure on the U.S. Segment, the Russian approach is more low-key using a manual deployment by spacewalking Cosmonauts – literally throwing the satellites overboard into an aft-nadir direction that ensures there are no re-contacts between ISS and the NanoSats.

First up was the TOMSK-TPU-120 satellite of Tomsk Polytechnic University, deployed by Yurchikhin at 15:10 UTC after waiting on ISS for over a year to be set free. The 3U CubeSat features an all-3D-printed structure and sensor equipment to determine the effects of the harsh space environment on a 3D printed satellite and the craft carries an amateur radio payload commemorating the 120th anniversary of Tomsk PU.


Tanyusha Deployment – Photo: NASA TV

The Tanyusha SWSU №1 & №2 satellites were released by EV-2 in close succession at 15:15 and 15:16 UTC to remain in relative proximity to one another to complete an inter-satellite communications experiment. Weighing in at 4.8kg, each of the satellites has a 3D printed structure and the two will test out a peer-to-peer type data network that could be used for the self-organization of large satellite constellations with a high degree of autonomy for adding new satellites to the network and removing failed ones. They also carry vacuum gauges developed to measure the density of neutral and charged particles in the upper atmosphere and amateur radio transmitters will send voice greetings in four languages.


Zerkalo Deployment – Photo: NASA TV

TNS-0 №2, he second Tekhnologicesky Nanosputnik, was released at 15:21 UTC as a cooperation within Russia's government-industry complex to establish a standardized platform for microsatellites. The 20 by 65-centimeter satellite weighs 5.1 Kilograms and tests out attitude, power and communications systems for future operational TNS satellites that will conduct scientific missions through GNSS radio occultation measurements and Earth observation.

The last satellite, deployed at 15:29 UTC, was TS-530 Zerkalo (a.k.a. Sfera-53 No.2) – a 53-centimeter sphere with a mass around 13 Kilograms to provide a calibration target for ground-based radar and optical sensing systems and to study atmospheric density as a function of altitude and external influences like solar activity. It was the second such satellite deployed from ISS, following up on the original Sfera-53 that was released in 2012 and remained in orbit for around three months.


Thruster Pods on the Zvezda Module, target of interest for the Impakt Study – Photo: NASA TV

With all satellites receiving their send-off, the spacewalkers re-organized the airlock – stowing the covers from the satellites and retrieving equipment for the next major EVA task taking them all the way to the aft end of the Zvezda Service Module. On their way to the work site, the crew captured imagery of the SKK No.9 materials science experiment that exposes a range of different coatings and materials to the space environment for an extended period of time before returning to Earth.

On the aft end of Zvezda, the Cosmonauts put in place a mechanical strut between hand rails 2624 and 2622 as an installation location for future experiments. Next was the installation of Impakt – a materials science study looking at the combined effect of thruster residue and the space environment on different materials to help inform designs of future spacecraft.


Zvezda Thrusters during Expedition 18 – Image: Energia/NSC


Impakt Installed on Zvezda – Photo: NASA TV

The thrusters of the Space Station – used to maintain the ISS orbit and assist in orientation control – burn toxic hypergolic propellants. Combustion products are clean gases, but no system is 100% efficient and all thrusters also release a fraction of propellants that remains unburnt which creates a potential issue due to the propellant's toxic and corrosive nature. Studies like Impakt or its predecessor 'Kromka' deploy samples close to the thrusters to see how different materials are affected by thruster residue to identify materials that can withstand corrosion and are less prone to accumulating residue.

Impakt was secured right on the rim of one of Zvezda's thruster pods and will remain there until 2019 before being retrieved for analysis. Wrapping up work on Zvezda, the Cosmonauts took engineering photos of the ОНА antenna boom and translated forward. Wipes were used to remove thruster residue from their suits to ensure no harmful substances are carried into ISS with wipes being thrown overboard after use (approx 17:25 UTC).


Short-Cut Hand Rail Location – Image: NASA TV

The crew then stopped by Pirs to swap out equipment and moved up to the Poisk module for a series of activities, starting with the installation of a short-cut hand rail between Poisk and Zvezda to allow for quicker translation on future EVAs. Some extra effort was required to lock the hand rail in place and bolt it down on both ends to establish a secure translation path.

Next up was the "Test" experiment that involves a series of samplers to collect surface samples from the outer protection layer of ISS and the windows. The Test Experiment aims to study how different materials behave in the challenging space environment over a long period of time characterized by harsh thermal variations on every orbit, high doses of radiation and atomic oxygen causing corrosion.


Test Sampling Unit & Swab Sample Collection – Image: NASA/Spaceflight101

Test also looks at the distribution of thruster residue and potential microbial activity on the outside of the Space Station which has proven to be an interesting area of research based on the previous ten Test samples that have been returned so far.

Test sample No. 11 was obtained from the VL-1 hatch area on Poisk and the crew deployed Exposure Unit No. 15 – a new addition to 'Test' that will leave a series of witness plates outside the complex for a defined period of time to collect thruster residue from different sample areas for a three-dimensional quantitative analysis.

A quick task completed by Sergey Ryazansky was the re-positioning of the БКДО Plume Impingement and Deposit Monitoring Unit to view a different sector of ISS to monitor the expansion of thruster plumes from arriving spacecraft and deposition onto ISS structure.


Thermal Sensor Adapter Installation at Poisk – Photo: NASA TV

Next was another structural enhancement, specifically the installation of a strut between hand rails 6006 and 6013 on the Poisk module to be available as translation path and mounting surface for experiment units like SKK. The spacewalkers' patience was tried again with this strut, spending over half an hour until the strut was fully secure – causing the EVA to drift over an hour behind the timeline. Another hand rail installation between Poisk and Zarya was given up on altogether after the fit again proved out to be difficult.

While still in the Poisk area, the spacewalkers obtained Test sample No.12 from the VL-2 hatch and deployed Test Exposure Unit No. 16, followed by the installation of an array of thermal sensors within view of the VL-2 window to measure thermal fluctuations around the Mini Research Module added to ISS in 2009.


Photo: NASA TV

Yurchikhin and Ryazansky then made their way back nadir to the Pirs Module wh ere they collected the Test No.13 sample and installed Exposure Unit No. 17 on the VL-2 hatch (not in use for the EVA) and Test No. 14 / Exposure Unit No. 18 on the active VL-1 hatchway. This enabled them to close out their spacewalk with all but one objective checked off, closing the Pirs hatch at 22:10 UTC after an EVA elapsed time of seven hours and 34 minutes.

The next spacewalk activity coming up on ISS will be a triple header with three USOS EVAs planned in the October / November time frame to facilitate the replacement of a Latching End Effector on the Station's robotic arm to keep it in good working order for vehicle captures and external handy work. The next Russian EVA is currently scheduled for January 2018 and will be performed by Aleksandr Misurkin and Anton Shkaplerov.
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tnt22

Цитировать Intl. Space Station‏Подлинная учетная запись @Space_Station 5 ч назад

The crew is preparing for the #Eclipse2017 on Monday with the chance at several unique views of the event. https://go.nasa.gov/2w9gbTT 

tnt22

https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2017/08/18/station-crew-end-week-preparing-for-eclipse-2017/
ЦитироватьStation Crew Ends Week Preparing for Eclipse 2017
Posted on August 18, 2017 at 10:59 am by dhuot.

The Expedition 52 crew wrapped up a busy week on Friday with more science work, cargo unloading and cleanup after a Russian spacewalk on Thursday. They are also busy preparing for the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse on Monday with the chance at several unique views of the event.
Спойлер
The crew participated in several studies including Vascular Echo Ultrasound, a Canadian Space Agency investigation that examines changes in blood vessels and the heart while the crew members are in space. They also completed weekly questionnaires for the ESA Space Headaches investigation which collects information that may help in the development of methods to alleviate associated symptoms and improvement in the well-being and performance of crewmembers in space.

Russian cosmonauts Fyodor Yurchikhin and Sergey Ryazanskiy performed cleanup tasks following their Thursday spacewalk which lasted seven hours and 34 minutes. The duo completed a number of tasks including the manual deployment of five nanosatellites from a ladder outside the airlock.

Station crew members will have their cameras outfitted with special filters on Monday for three chances to photograph the solar eclipse from windows aboard the orbiting laboratory. For more information on their opportunities and what they expect to see, visit NASA's Solar Eclipse website.


The station crew will have three chances to see the solar eclipse from space. The third pass will offer the most coverage with the sun 84% obscured by the moon.

This entry was posted in Expedition 52 on August 18, 2017 by dhuot.
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tnt22

ЦитироватьSpeedyTime 6 – International Space Station Tour

NASA Johnson

Опубликовано: 18 авг. 2017 г.

More internal space than a six-bedroom house, on a vehicle that would cover a football field: how long to take the tour? In this week's "SpeedyTime" feature, Expedition 52 flight engineer Jack Fischer flies us through his home in space, from bow to stern, in just —please prepare for take-off.
(3:28 )

tnt22

ЦитироватьИспытание: вне корабля

Телестудия Роскосмоса

Опубликовано: 18 авг. 2017 г.

Фёдор Юрчихин и Сергей Рязанский вышли в открытый космос, где проработали более семи часов. За это время космонавты испытали новый скафандр «Орлан», взяли пробы с внешней обшивки МКС и запустили несколько миниспутников, в том числе два спутника «Танюша»
(5:22)

tnt22

НОРАД располагает наборами TLE на все запущенные во время ВКД43 объекты:
 
Каталогизированы по прежнему только 3 объекта - 42910 / 1998-067MZ, 42911 / 1998-067NA и 42912 / 1998-067NB

tnt22

Цитировать Сергей Рязанский‏Подлинная учетная запись @SergeyISS 7 ч назад

Поздравляю профессионалов и любителей с Всемирным днем фотографии // Happy #WorldPhotoDay

tnt22

Цитировать Randy Bresnik‏Подлинная учетная запись @AstroKomrade 1 ч. назад

As the sun rose on our Russian crew's 7.5 hr spacewalk, their helmets lights gave off a glow that made it look like they were underwater...



1 ч. назад

...but all we had to do was look down to be reminded that they were 250 miles high, not 250 fathoms deep

tnt22

НОРАД каталогизировал все запущенные во время ВКД43 объекты
 

tnt22


tnt22

Цитировать NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center
3 ч ·

During Thursday's recent spacewalk on the International Space Station, a few investigations were temporarily put on hold, but not because anything went wrong.
Спойлер
During all extravehicular activities, flight controllers at the Payload Operations Integration Center – mission control for science located at #NASAMarshall – put experiments that could potentially interfere with the EVA in a "safe" mode to remove any potential impact to astronauts outside the station. It keeps everyone safe and allows fellow crew members to monitor the spacewalk for any issues.

As soon as the EVA concluded and the two Russian cosmonauts were back inside the orbiting laboratory, investigations picked up right where they left off, as did #ScienceInOrbit.

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zandr

http://tass.ru/kosmos/4493763
ЦитироватьYomiuri: Токио хочет увеличить число запусков микроспутников с модуля "Кибо" на МКС
ТОКИО, 20 августа. /Корр. ТАСС Алексей Заврачаев/. Японское агентство аэрокосмических исследований (JAXA) планирует значительно увеличить количество коммерческих запусков микроспутников, главным образом иностранных, с помощью своего научного модуля "Кибо" на Международной космической станции (МКС). Об этом сообщает газета Yomiuri.
За свои услуги JAXA намерена брать от $30 до 900 тыс. в зависимости от размеров и массы запускаемого аппарата. Вместе с тем, Япония не исключает предоставления и бесплатных услуг, если при этом будут согласованы выгодные для обеих сторон условия. К примеру, с начала года 14 аппаратов были выведены на орбиту Земли абсолютно безвозмездно, а еще пять - по минимальной расценке, в том числе первый в истории для Ганы.
Микроспутники значительно дешевле в производстве по сравнению со своими более крупными "собратьями", благодаря чему ими всерьез интересуются небогатые страны, никогда не имевшие ничего общего с космосом. В основном это делается для расширения возможностей телекоммуникаций и более точного прогнозирования стихийных бедствий.
Обычно такие аппараты запускают на тяжелых ракетах-носителях вместе с крупными спутниками, однако такой способ имеет массу недостатков. В первую очередь они касаются высокой цены, расписания стартов и ограничения по весу. Также не все малые спутники способны выдержать перегрузки и вибрации, которые неизбежны при запуске на ракете с Земли, что в итоге приводит к выходу их из строя и, как следствие, впустую потраченным средствам.
Что-то я пропустил, до МКС у же лифт ходит?  :oops:

tnt22

Цитировать Jack Fischer‏Подлинная учетная запись @Astro2fish 7 мин. назад

Folks, you're in for a treat. This dude has mad photo skills, & he just got to @Space_Station! Follow @AstroKomrade for #SpacePicNirvana.