Международная лунная посещаемая платформа

Автор Salo, 27.06.2016 14:18:40

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Kap

ЦитироватьAlex_II написал:
Книга, на мой вкус лучше. Найти для "почитать" можно и даром, проблем нету..
Я считаю что если книга нравится - надо как-то автору забашлять все-же.
ЦитироватьMax Andriyahov написал:
Прожарить почву?
Но Уотни-то не прожаривал.

Alex_II

ЦитироватьKap написал:
Я считаю что если книга нравится - надо как-то автору забашлять все-же.
Ничего не имею против. Когда есть возможность - так и делаю...
И мы пошли за так, на четвертак, за ради бога
В обход и напролом и просто пылью по лучу...

еcort

ЦитироватьMax Andriyahov написал:
Прожарить почву?
Перхлораты просто так (без катализаторов) при умеренном нагреве не особенно торопятся распадаться, а при их количестве в марсианском грунте (0.5-1%) IMHO проще грунт промывать и воду сливать в импровизированный "испарительный бассей" из плёнки, откуда чистая вода естественным путём затем вернётся в цикл СЖО.

еcort

ЦитироватьKap написал:
Но Уотни-то не прожаривал
Мне заранее жаль тех [censored], что показанное в сериале "Breaking Bad" воспринимают как практическое руководство по варке мета - а тут ровно тот же подход.  :D 

Kap

Цитироватьеcort написал:
Мне заранее жаль тех [censored], что показанное в сериале "Breaking Bad" воспринимают как практическое руководство по варке мета - а тут ровно тот же подход.
Я в детстве успешно делал поджигу по фильму Брат-2. Ну как по фильму - познаний в химии хватило чтобы понять что магний там не нужен, а отличие от спичесных головок. Так вот, за безошибочное описание процесса варки мета могут возникнут проблемы с правоохранителями. А на безошибочное описание выживания на Марсе правоохранителям пока что пофиг и потому все претензии к автору.

ЗЫ Я лично понимаю что все в мире Паретто-оптимально и абсолютного совершенства не бывает.

Bell

ЦитироватьСергей Хижняк написал:
Всем написавшим - спасибо за высокую оценку моих сообщений!
Совершенно случайно заглянул на сайт нашего саратовского "чумного института", а там объявление о проведении конференции:
http://plamic.ru/


Конференция PLAMIC2020 состоится в Саратове 15-19 июня 2020 г.

может Вам интересно будет?
Иногда мне кажется что мы черти, которые штурмуют небеса (с) фон Браун

Max Andriyahov

ЦитироватьСергей Хижняк написал:
 
Цитироватьaaa1 написал:
Видели ли вы фильм "Марсианин"?
Принципиально не смотрел, хотя знакомые (не связанные с БСЖО) рекламировали. Опасался, что вместо удовольствия от просмотра получу неудовольствие от анализа неизбежных в подобных случаях (кинематограф - он ведь кинематограф, а не науч.поп) ляпов. :)
Сценарий касательно картошки (в том объёме, в котором я знаком со сценарием) представляется нереалистичным. В общем, "не читал, но осуждаю" (с). На самом деле не осуждаю, разумеется - это же фантастика.
И все-таки почему именно сценарий с картошкой нереалистичный?

еcort

ЦитироватьMax Andriyahov написал:
И все-таки почему именно сценарий с картошкой нереалистичный?
"Рост и развитие картофеля в течение вегетационного сезона принято делить на 3 периода. Первый - от появления всходов до начала цветения, он длится от 27 до 48 дней. В это время усиленно растет ботва, клубни закладываются, но остаются чрезвычайно мелкими. Второй период, охватывающий время от цветения до начала увядания ботвы, длится от 26 до 45 дней."©

Ну а поскольку освещённость на Марсе ~вдвое хуже, то ориентироваться следует именно на максимальные сроки и хреновый™ урожай (низкий коэффициент использования посевной площади). И это без затрагивания вопросов с микрофлорой, удобрениями/микроэлементами и прочих агротехнических тонкостей. Сплошное IMHO, разумеется.

Max Andriyahov

Цитироватьеcort написал:
Ну а поскольку освещённость на Марсе ~вдвое хуже, то ориентироваться следует именно на максимальные сроки и хреновый™ урожай
т.е. обязательно надо светодиодное освещение определенного спектра, которого не было в фильме? Кстати, с освещенностью - в кино сделали нереалистично яркое, видимо в угоду зрелищности)

еcort

ЦитироватьMax Andriyahov написал:
т.е. обязательно надо светодиодное освещение определенного спектра, которого не было в фильме? Кстати, с освещенностью - в кино сделали нереалистично яркое, видимо в угоду зрелищности)
Скажем так: совершенно точно нужно "досвечивать" как в теплицах - иначе расти будет плохо и мало, да и сам КПД фотосинтеза как таковой весьма низок.

PS в фильме вообще много чего сделали нереалистичным в угоду зрелищности...  :D 

triage

#2130
Хоть Американцы заявляют что планируют не использовать элементы станции до высадки в 2024 году

Цитироватьhttps://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/European_Gateway_experiment_will_monitor_radiation_in_deep_space

European Gateway experiment will monitor radiation in deep space
13/03/2020

The first science experiments that will be hosted on the Gateway, an international outpost which will orbit the Moon, have been selected by ESA and NASA. Europe's contribution will monitor radiation to gain a complete understanding of cosmic and solar rays in unexplored areas as the orbital outpost is assembled around the Moon.

The first module for the Gateway, the Power and Propulsion Element, is set to host two external scientific investigations.

ESA's hardware will actively monitor radiation at all times and return data for scientists fr om participating countries to consult.

Спойлер
As the Gateway module flies to its position in a halo-like orbit around the Moon, it will pass through the Van Allen radiation belt – an area around Earth where high-energy particles are trapped by our planet's magnetic field. The particles can cause more radiation damage to humans, and the hardware will provide useful information on to how to keep astronauts safe as they pass through the belt.

Once in position, the Gateway will orbit the Moon flying as close as 3000 km from the lunar surface and at its furthest, 70 000 km. The radiation investigation will continue to monitor the changes in protons, electrons and heavy ions and neutrons as they hit the measuring instruments.

Heavy interactions in space

"Heavy neutrons are of particular interest for us," says ESA's Science Team Leader of Human and Robotic Exploration Jennifer Ngo-Anh "some cosmic rays hit the Moon and interact with the surface to reflect as heavy neutrons that are particularly damaging to humans. We need to know more about wh ere and how these particles form, to protect astronauts."

NASA's first investigation to fly aboard the Gateway is a Sun-oriented space weather experiment to observe solar particles and solar wind. Large explosions on the Sun are unpredictable and can result in violent outbursts of radiation and energetic solar wind that could hit astronauts as they venture outside the protective atmosphere of Earth.

"Both these experiments will work together to supply much-needed information to forecast radiation events and how to build better spacecraft and protection for astronauts on and around the Moon," explains ESA's director of Human and Robotic Exploration David Parker.

"As we prepare for the next generation of European astronauts who will join their NASA colleagues in the Artemis programme, this research is of vital importance and shows how science and exploration go hand-in-hand as we move forward to the Moon."

More science will be selected to fly aboard the Gateway in the future to take advantage of the unique environment in lunar orbit that cannot be duplicated on Earth or on the International Space Station.
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The Gateway will be built and assembled this decade as a platform for exploration, science, and commercial activities in deep space. Gateway operations will provide invaluable experience and demonstrate critical technologies in support of a future human mission to Mars. Following decisions at Space19+, ESA will build a Habitation module, communications systems and a refuelling module for the Gateway. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) has committed to provide advanced robotics for the lunar outpost. The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency is also in discussion to supply elements.

Цитироватьhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-selects-first-science-instruments-to-send-to-gateway
March 12, 2020
NASA Selects First Science Instruments to Send to Gateway

NASA has selected the first two scientific investigations to fly aboard the Gateway, an orbital outpost which will support Artemis lunar operations while demonstrating the technologies necessary to conduct a historic human mission to Mars. The instruments selected for Gateway will observe space weather and monitor the Sun's radiation environment.

"Building the Gateway with our commercial and international partners is a critical component of sustainable lunar exploration and the Artemis program," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "Using the Gateway as a platform for robotic and human exploration around the Moon will help inform what we do on the lunar surface as well as prepare us for our next giant leap – human exploration of Mars."

The radiation instrument package, built by ESA (European Space Agency,) will help provide an understanding of how to keep astronauts safe by monitoring the radiation exposure in Gateway's unique orbit.

The space weather instrument suite, built by NASA, will observe solar particles and solar wind created by the Sun.
Спойлер
As we move deeper into space, human and robotic explorers face greater challenges from the sometimes violent and unpredictable outbursts of the Sun. The space weather instrument suite will gather data and enhance our ability to forecast events originating from the Sun that could affect our astronauts on and around the Moon as well as on future missions to Mars.  

"Our Sun and the environment around it is very dynamic.  This instrument suite will help us observe the particles and energy that our star emits -- and mitigate the risks to astronauts at the Moon and eventually Mars," said Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for science at the agency's headquarters in Washington. "Not only will we learn more about our space environment, but we'll also learn how to improve forecasting space weather wherever the Artemis Generation journeys away from Earth."

Additional scientific payloads will be selected to fly aboard the Gateway in the future.  These investigations will take advantage of the unique environment in lunar orbit, one that cannot be duplicated on Earth or on the International Space Station.

The Gateway will orbit near the Moon and will be occupied periodically by astronauts as part of NASA's sustainable lunar exploration plans. NASA awarded Maxar Technologies a contract in May 2019 to develop the power and propulsion element which will provide solar arrays and maneuvering capabilities. NASA is continuing negotiations with Northrop Grumman to build the habitation and logistics outpost or HALO, the first pressurized module for crew visiting the Gateway.
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ESA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency are all actively engaged in discussions with NASA to support the construction and operation of the Gateway which, again, will support lunar surface missions and pave the way for the human exploration of Mars.  
Спойлер
"This is an incredible moment in human spaceflight as NASA is closer than any other time in history since the Apollo program to returning to the lunar surface," said Bridenstine. "America is leading a return to the Moon, and this time, we're taking all of humanity with us to explore long-term and get ready for Mars."

Learn more about NASA's Moon to Mars exploration approach:

https://www.nasa.gov/moontomars
[свернуть]

triage

#2131
Цитировать https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-artemis-contract-for-gateway-logistics-services
March 27, 2020
RELEASE 20-032

NASA Awards Artemis Contract for Gateway Logistics Services



Illustration of the SpaceX Dragon XL as it is deployed from the Falcon Heavy's second stage in high Earth orbit on its way to the Gateway in lunar orbit.
Credits: SpaceX

NASA has selected SpaceX of Hawthorne, California, as the first U.S. commercial provider under the Gateway Logistics Services contract to deliver cargo, experiments and other supplies to the agency's Gateway in lunar orbit.

Спойлер
The award is a significant step forward for NASA's Artemis program that will land the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024 and build a sustainable human lunar presence.

At the Moon, NASA and its partners will gain the experience necessary to mount a historic human mission to Mars.

SpaceX will deliver critical pressurized and unpressurized cargo, science experiments and supplies to the Gateway, such as sample collection materials and other items the crew may need on the Gateway and during their expeditions on the lunar surface.

"This contract award is another critical piece of our plan to return to the Moon sustainably," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "The Gateway is the cornerstone of the long-term Artemis architecture and this deep space commercial cargo capability integrates yet another American industry partner into our plans for human exploration at the Moon in preparation for a future mission to Mars."

NASA is planning multiple supply missions in which the cargo spacecraft will stay at the Gateway for six to 12 months at a time. These firm-fixed price, indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contracts for logistics services guarantee two missions per logistics services provider with a maximum total value of $7 billion across all contracts as additional missions are needed.

"Returning to the Moon and supporting future space exploration requires affordable delivery of significant amounts of cargo," said SpaceX President and Chief Operating Officer Gwynne Shotwell. "Through our partnership with NASA, SpaceX has been delivering scientific research and critical supplies to the International Space Station since 2012, and we are honored to continue the work beyond Earth's orbit and carry Artemis cargo to Gateway."

The Gateway Logistics Services contract enables NASA to order missions for as long as 12 years with a 15-year performance period and provides the ability to add new competitive providers. These missions will support NASA's plans for sustainable exploration with both international and commercial partners, while developing the experience and capabilities necessary to send humans to Mars.

"This is an exciting new chapter for human exploration," said Mark Wiese, Deep Space Logistics manager at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. "We are bringing the innovative thinking of commercial industry into our supply chain and helping ensure we're able to support crews preparing for lunar surface expeditions by delivering the supplies they need ahead of time."

Charged with returning to the Moon in the next four years, NASA's Artemis program  will reveal new knowledge about the Moon, Earth and our origins in the solar system. The Gateway is a vital part of NASA's deep space exploration plans, along with the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, Orion spacecraft, and human landing system that will send astronauts the Moon.
[свернуть]
One standard logistics service mission is anticipated for each Artemis SLS/Orion crewed mission to the Gateway.
Спойлер
Gaining new experiences on and around the Moon will prepare NASA to send the first humans to Mars in the coming years, and the Gateway will play a vital role in this process.

"We're making significant progress moving from our concept of the Gateway to reality," said Dan Hartman, Gateway program manager at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. "Bringing a logistics provider onboard ensures we can transport all the critical supplies we need for the Gateway and on the lunar surface to do research and technology demonstrations in space that we can't do anywhere else. We also anticipate performing a variety of research on and within the logistics module."

For more information about NASA's Moon to Mars exploration plans, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/moontomars
[свернуть]

Цитироватьhttps://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1243605680449130497
27 мар. 2020 г
SpaceX will launch a variant of Dragon, optimized to carry more than 5 metric tons of cargo to Gateway in lunar orbit

triage

Цитировать10 апр. 2020 г.
NASA's Kennedy Space Center

 

Gateway Lunar Outpost Animation

 

Video Announcement: Gateway Logistics Services Announcement for SpaceX

triage

#2133
Цитироватьhttps://spacenews.com/spacex-beat-gateway-cargo-contract-competitors-on-price-and-performance/

SpaceX beat Gateway cargo contract competitors on price and performance
by Jeff Foust — April 13, 2020

...Ken Bowersox, deputy associate administrator for human exploration and operations...
Спойлер
NASA found significant strengths SpaceX's design for its Dragon XL vehicle, both in the total amount of cargo it can carry, exceeding the other three proposals, and its cargo stowage design. While the agency found no significant weaknesses, it did find five lesser weaknesses, such as a lack of definition of the interface between the spacecraft and its Falcon Heavy launch vehicle and a design that requires astronauts to go through the spacecraft's service module to access its cargo hold.

Another weakness involved the performance of the Falcon Heavy, and suggested a new version of that rocket would be used for Dragon XL. "SpaceX could have been clearer in stating its launch vehicle's performance capability, especially since this configuration has not yet flown and thus, performance margins for lifting its Dragon XL are uncertain," Bowersox wrote. SpaceX did not respond to questions April 10 about any changes to the Falcon Heavy planned for Dragon XL missions.

"However," Bowersox added, "because these weaknesses are minor and correctable, I do not consider them to be an obstacle to SpaceX's successful contract performance."
[свернуть]
Bowersox noted that the proposal terms allowed him to selection more than one company for the program, just as NASA has selected two or more companies for commercial cargo and crew services for the International Space Station. He decided, though, that "awarding more than one GLS contract at this time is not in the Government's best interest." There will be opportunities to "on ramp" additional companies in the future if NASA decides it needs more suppliers.

triage

#2134
смотря японский ролик
Спойлер

jp -
en -
[свернуть]

А картинка уже устарела и в изображении Сигнуса, т.к. пока летать будет Дракон. (в статье выше говорят и про возможные вопросы по РН для Сигнуса)

triage

Цитироватьhttps://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-three-companies-for-human-landing-system-awards/
NASA selects three companies for human landing system awards
by Jeff Foust — April 30, 2020
...
NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said the lander selected for the 2024 mission likely will not make use of the lunar Gateway. "We believe that getting to the moon by 2024 does not require the Gateway," he said when asked about previous comments by agency officials, like Loverro, that suggested the Gateway was not on the critical path. "The Gateway is not required for that 2024 mission, and, in fact, I would go as far to say that it's not likely that we will use the Gateway for the 2024 mission."

Bridenstine added that NASA was not formally taking the Gateway "off the table" for that initial 2024 mission, and that the Gateway is "critically important" for later phases of lunar exploration.
....
Цитироватьhttps://tass.ru/kosmos/8381811
ВАШИНГТОН, 30 апреля. /ТАСС/. ... заявил в четверг на телефонном брифинге для журналистов директор Национального управления по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства NASA Джеймс Брайденстайн.
....

 https://tass.ru/kosmos/8381275
ВАШИНГТОН, 30 апреля. /ТАСС/. Национальное управление по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства (NASA) выбрало три американские компании, которые будут заниматься разработкой и созданием лунного посадочного модуля для высадки астронавтов на поверхность естественного спутника Земли в рамках программы Artemis ("Артемида"). Об этом говорится в распространенном в четверг заявлении космического ведомства.
...
"Благодаря заключению этих контрактов Америка движется вперед к последнему шагу, который необходим для высадки астронавтов на Луне в 2024 году", - заявил директор NASA Джеймс Брайденстайн.

Использование Gateway
Соединенные Штаты вряд ли станут задействовать окололунную станцию Gateway для высадки астронавтов на поверхность Луны в рамках программы Artemis в 2024 году, поскольку она для этого не нужна, заявил Брайденстайн.

"Важно отметить, что наш приоритет - это высадка на Луне к 2024 году. И мы считаем, что высадка на Луне к 2024 году не требует создания Gateway", - подчеркнул он. "На самом деле я даже сказал бы, что маловероятно, что мы будем использовать Gateway для миссии 2024 года", - добавил глава NASA.

По его словам, американская администрация дала ведомству указание предпринять все усилия, чтобы уложиться в отведенные сроки. "Все то, в чем необходимости нет, нам нужно отодвинуть в сторону, чтобы мы смогли высадиться на поверхности Луны. И мы сейчас это делаем", - пояснил он.

При этом Брайденстайн отметил, что для долгосрочного присутствия человека на Луне окололунная станция крайне важна, кроме того, в ней заинтересованы международные партнеры США. "Gateway важна для NASA, но в ней определенно нет необходимости для высадки 2024 года", - подчеркнул директор космического ведомства. "Однако мы не отказываемся от этой идеи полностью", - добавил он.
...

triage

для истории PPE
Цитироватьhttps://www.dynetics.com/newsroom/news/2019/maxar-teams-with-dynetics-on-power-and-propulsion-element-for-lunar-gateway

Maxar teams with Dynetics on Power and Propulsion Element for Lunar Gateway
 
TUESDAY JULY 02, 2019
Maxar will leverage the commercial capabilities of Huntsville, Alabama-based Dynetics for its Power and Propulsion Element spacecraft

Спойлер
Maxar Technologies (NYSE:MAXR) (TSX:MAXR) today announced that it has signed a teaming agreement with Huntsville, Alabama-based Dynetics to support Maxar in building and demonstrating the power and propulsion element for the Gateway − an essential component of NASA's Artemis lunar exploration program and future expeditions to Mars. The teaming agreement establishes a framework for the companies to work together on the mission, with substantive work being executed by Dynetics in Huntsville, Alabama.

As recently announced, Maxar was selected by NASA to build and perform a spaceflight demonstration of the power and propulsion element spacecraft. The spacecraft is the first element for the NASA-led lunar Gateway, which will play a critical role in ensuring that NASA astronauts can land on the surface of the Moon by 2024 while serving as a vital platform to support future missions to Mars and beyond. The mission is targeted for launch by the end of 2022 and will provide power, maneuvering, attitude control, communications systems and initial docking capabilities for the Gateway.
[свернуть]
The agreement enables Dynetics to collaborate with Maxar in the design, manufacturing and operations of Maxar's power and propulsion element spacecraft. Dynetics has a wide range of capabilities to support Maxar in areas such as propulsion systems, mechanical and propulsion testing, system integration and assembly, and mission operations.

"We're thrilled to add Dynetics to our team and bring power and propulsion element work to Huntsville. Dynetics has decades of expertise in human space exploration, and will play a critical role in executing the Artemis mission, landing the first woman on the surface of the Moon, and establishing the sustainable space infrastructure that is necessary to explore Mars," said Mike Gold, Maxar's Vice President of Civil Space.
Спойлер
"This is an exciting time for lunar exploration. We look for space partners that share our similar core values and are eager to see America return to the Moon. Maxar fills that role and Dynetics is glad to be on the team. Maxar's power and propulsion element will be a vital element of the Lunar Gateway and will aid establishment of a sustainable presence on the Moon. We are looking forward to this partnership and to participating in the development of the lunar architecture here in Huntsville on our campus and in Decatur, Alabama, at our Aerospace Structures Complex," said Kim Doering, Dynetics vice president for space systems.

The operations of DigitalGlobe, SSL (Space Systems Loral) and Radiant Solutions were unified under the Maxar brand in February; MDA continues to operate as an independent business unit within the Maxar organization.
[свернуть]

Цитироватьhttp://investor.maxar.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2019/Maxar-Teams-with-Dynetics-on-Power-and-Propulsion-Element-for-Lunar-Gateway/default.aspx
Maxar Teams with Dynetics on Power and Propulsion Element for Lunar Gateway
July 09, 2019
Цитировать
 
Powering Lunar Exploration with Dynetics and Maxar
18 июл. 2019 г.
DyneticsInc
Dynetics signed a teaming agreement with Maxar Technologies to provide an essential component of NASA's Gateway program – the power and propulsion element, which is part of the agency's Artemis lunar exploration program. CEO David King and Maxar's Vice President of Civil Space Mike Gold signed the agreement in front of guests and the media.

The Heart of the Moon

Цитировать"Важно отметить, что наш приоритет - это высадка на Луне к 2024 году. И мы считаем, что высадка на Луне к 2024 году не требует создания Gateway", - подчеркнул он. "На самом деле я даже сказал бы, что маловероятно, что мы будем использовать Gateway для миссии 2024 года", - добавил глава NASA.

По его словам, американская администрация дала ведомству указание предпринять все усилия, чтобы уложиться в отведенные сроки. "Все то, в чем необходимости нет, нам нужно отодвинуть в сторону, чтобы мы смогли высадиться на поверхности Луны. И мы сейчас это делаем", - пояснил он.

Главное — воткнуть флаг в Луну-24, а потом хоть трава не расти...

triage

Цитироватьhttps://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/30/blue-origin-wins-lions-share-of-nasa-funding-for-human-rated-lunar-lander/

Blue Origin wins lion's share of NASA funding for human-rated lunar lander
April 30, 2020 Stephen Clark
...
A key to NASA's vision for a "sustainable" crew presence on or near the moon is the Gateway station. NASA officials originally hoped the Gateway would be in position near the moon in time for the Artemis 3 mission in 2024, allowing elements of the lunar lander to be assembled, or aggregated, at the Gateway before the arrival of astronauts on an Orion crew capsule.

Bridenstine told Spaceflight Now the Artemis 3 mission will no longer go through the Gateway, but NASA is not backing away from the program.

"When we think about a sustainable presence at the moon, we absolutely need a Gateway," Bridenstine said. "The Gateway gives us the ability to reuse landers, over and over again, which drives down cost and it increases access. The Gateway gives us access to different orbits around the moon, so we can get to the north pole, the south pole, the equatorial regions, and everything in between.

"The Gateway is also transformable," Bridenstine said. "We can use it eventually for our ship to Mars. The Gateway gives us the opportunity to do science, and it gives us a lot of credibility with our international partners, who are very interested in helping us build out the Gateway. I just want to emphasize ... we are 100 percent committed to the Gateway."

But the Trump administration's goal to land astronauts on the moon by the end of 2024 has forced NASA to defer some work.

"It is also true that we're 100 percent committed to getting to the moon as fast as possible," Bridenstine said. "So anything that is not necessary, we intend to remove from that path for speed. So the first moon landing, we're intending not to use the Gateway. We're intending to basically take an Orion crew capsule and dock it to a Human Landing System that will be in orbit around the moon, and then go down to the surface of the moon.

"That means that we will not have the Gateway in place for the first landing on the surface of the moon," he said. "The second time when we land humans on the moon, we absolutely want to have the Gateway in the mix because we need to land on the moon by 2024, and we need to have a sustainable presence by 2028."
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pkl

Цитироватьеcort написал:
Ну а поскольку освещённость на Марсе ~вдвое хуже, то ориентироваться следует именно на максимальные сроки и хреновый™ урожай (низкий коэффициент использования посевной площади). И это без затрагивания вопросов с микрофлорой, удобрениями/микроэлементами и прочих агротехнических тонкостей. Сплошное IMHO, разумеется.
Так он использовал искусственное освещение. А микроэлементы - из говна. Самый спорный на мой взгляд момент - нафига он жёг гидразин? Во-первых, это и там всё должно быть отравлено. Во-вторых, а смысл? На Марсе воды и так достаточно.
Вообще, исследовать солнечную систему автоматами - это примерно то же самое, что посылать робота вместо себя в фитнес, качаться.Зомби. Просто Зомби (с)
Многоразовость - это бяка (с) Дмитрий Инфан